The molecular basis of Exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis
The molecular basis of Exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis
The molecular basis of Exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis refers to the process by which exercise stimulates the production of new mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells. Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles in cells, and their enhancement is a critical adaptation to exercise, especially endurance exercise. The molecular basis for this process is complex and involves multiple signaling pathways and factors.
Here's a simplified overview of the molecular basis of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis:
Calcium (Ca2+) Signaling:
Exercise leads to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in muscle cells, especially during muscle contraction.
This increase in Ca2+ activates various proteins and enzymes, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and calcineurin, which initiate downstream processes promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK):
During exercise, the ATP (energy) level in muscle cells drops, leading to a rise in the AMP:ATP ratio.
This change activates AMPK, a key energy sensor in cells.
Once activated, AMPK can promote mitochondrial biogenesis directly and through the activation of the transcription factor PGC-1α (see below).
PGC-1α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 alpha):
PGC-1α is often dubbed the "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis.
Exercise activates PGC-1α through multiple pathways, including those triggered by Ca2+ and AMPK.
Once activated, PGC-1α moves to the cell nucleus where it co-activates various transcription factors, leading to the increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis.
Nitric Oxide (NO):
NO production increases in response to muscle contraction during exercise.
This molecule can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, though its exact role and the mechanisms involved are still under investigation.
Sirtuins:
Sirtuins are a family of proteins that have been linked to cellular energy metabolism and lifespan extension.
Among them, SIRT1 can deacetylate and activate PGC-1α, thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS):
Exercise increases ROS production in cells.
Although high levels of ROS can damage cells, moderate levels (as seen with exercise) can act as signaling molecules.
ROS may play a role in activating pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis, including the activation of PGC-1α.
Increased Expression of Mitochondrial Genes:
Following the activation of PGC-1α and other transcription factors, there's an increase in the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes critical for mitochondrial function and replication.
This includes genes coding for proteins involved in the electron transport chain, fatty acid oxidation, and other essential mitochondrial functions.
The coordinated action of these pathways leads to the proliferation and functional enhancement of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells. This allows the muscle to generate energy more efficiently and is one reason why regular exercise can improve physical endurance and overall metabolic health.
Neuroscience 2023 and Artificial Intelligence
Neuroscience Meeting 2023 SBNeC - Summary of selected neuroscientific topics
(generated by ChatGPT):
Homeostasis Perception and Emotion in Panic
Antropologia Amerindia América Latina
Newborn Behavioral Observation
"Muscle matters: from human disease to human performance"
Transgenerational memories of trauma - epigenetic, physiological and mental health factors
Efeito de Realidade Virtual e Gamificação no Aprendizado
Vida moderna, Ritmos Biológicos, Sono, Homeostasia Fisiológica e Processos Cognitivos
Long-term cognitive and emotional impairments associated to hypercholesterolemia
Short- and long-term effects of ethanol on astrocyte functioning
Caffeine effects on brain development
Obesidade do neurodesenvolvimento ao envelhecimento
Repercussões fisiológicas e celulares da exposição aos pesticidas em períodos críticos do desenvolvimento
Distúrbios do Crescimento Celular
Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Nutrition
Cancer as a developmental disease
Scientific Question and Experimental Design
Epilepsy Neuroscience and Perception
Active Learning to Improve Engagement
The molecular basis of Exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis
Neurochemical Underpinnings of Psychedelic-Induced Ego Dissolution
Recent advances in the neuroendocrine control of hydromineral homeostasis
Psychoneuroimmunology Immunoneuroendocrine interactions
Aproveitando a natureza dinâmica da memória para eliminar experiências traumáticas
Acerca da modificação de memórias episódicas
The biological response of ayahuasca
Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca como marcador da integração neurovisceral
Inteligência artificial, psicodélicos, e saúde mental
Efeitos do isolamento social e do enriquecimento ambiental na plasticidade do sistema nervoso
Neurociências e Educação: Reflexões sobre o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH)
Cellular and molecular networks underlying psychiatric disorders
NEUROCIÊNCIAS E EDUCAÇÃO: PRÁTICAS BASEADAS EM EVIDÊNCIAS
O que sabemos hoje sobre as expressões faciais na psicopatia?
Aspectos Funcionais e Estruturais da Interação Glia-Neurônio
As bases neurobiológicas da aprendizagem e memória
O uso de jogos educacionais como estratégia de aprendizagem ativa
Processamento cerebral implícito - a construção de estereótipos
Neuroimagem funcional aplicada ao comportamento humano
O cérebro em tarefas cognitivas e no estado de repouso. Introdução à conectividade funcional
Neurociências e Comportamento Motor
Possível relação entre desenvolvimento motor e o desenvolvimento cognitivo e o desempenho acadêmico do indivíduo
